Understanding the two types of fiber optic splicing

Fiber splicing is joining two optical fibers to create a continuous, low-loss, and highly efficient optical path. This connection is essential to maintaining the integrity and reliability of optical communication networks, whether they are used for internet connectivity, telephony, or data transmission. Fiber splicing can be performed in two primary ways: fusion and mechanical splicing.

  1. Fusion Splicing:

Fusion splicing is the most common and widely used method for joining optical fibers. It involves melting or fusing the ends of two optical fibers together to form a single, continuous fiber. Here’s how the process works:

  • Fiber Preparation: The two optical fibers to be spliced are stripped of their protective coatings and cleaved (cut) with extreme precision to ensure flat and smooth end faces.
  • Alignment: The cleaved fiber ends are aligned precisely so that the core and cladding of one fiber perfectly align with the core and cladding of the other.
  • Fusion: The aligned fibers are brought close together, and an electric arc or laser is used to heat and fuse the fibers. Once fused, the fibers form a continuous path for light transmission.
  • Testing: The spliced region is tested to ensure minimal signal loss and continuity. Specialized equipment measures the insertion loss and return loss of the splice.
Anatomy of a fusion splice
Using a fusion Splicer
  1. Mechanical Splicing:

Mechanical splicing is an alternative method of joining optical fibers that relies on precise alignment and a special splice assembly. While it’s less commonly used than fusion splicing, it has its applications, particularly in situations where speed and cost-effectiveness are essential:

  • Fiber Alignment: The optical fibers are carefully aligned using a precision alignment fixture or splice assembly. The splice assembly holds the fibers in place, ensuring that the cores and claddings are perfectly aligned.
  • Index Matching Gel: To reduce signal loss at the splice, an index-matching gel is applied between the fiber ends. This gel has optical properties that minimize reflection and signal loss.
  • Securement: The splice assembly typically includes a clamping mechanism to hold the fibers firmly in place.
  • Testing: As with fusion splicing, the mechanical splice is tested for signal loss and continuity.
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